"The role of soil biota in climate-resilient agriculture”

Ploughed agricultural regions in Australia and globally are experiencing significant topsoil loss through wind and water erosion, with estimates indicating losses of approximately 2 billion tonnes annually in Australia and between 24 and 75 billion tonnes annually worldwide. This erosion occurs along a continuum: At one extreme lie bare soils with minimal or no vegetative cover, at the other lie regenerative agricultural systems in which soil is maintained under continuous vegetative cover throughout the year. Within regenerative systems, soil biota facilitate efficient nutrient cycling to plants, with minimal external inputs required beyond organic matter such as compost and humus. Continuous soil cover promotes optimal mycorrhizal activity, which in turn enhances water retention within the root zone, contributes to carbon sequestration, stabilises topsoil against erosive forces, and improves plant nutrient uptake. Collectively, these processes constitute a significant mechanism for climate change mitigation.

Dr Mary Cole is recognised globally as one of the top experts in the world of plant pathology, biological regenerative agriculture and soil health, with experience spanning research, education and on-ground innovation. She is the 2025 Victorian winner of Agri-futures Rural Women’s Award and national finalist for her work in soil health, education and farmer wellbeing. A Chartered Agriculturist with the Ag Institute of Australia, honorary membership of the Institute of Ecological Agriculture, and Honorary Fellow at The University of Melbourne. She continues to mentor, consult, and advocate for sustainable food systems rooted in soil intelligence and ecological integrity.